Cervical cancer has emerged as the second most common cancer in Nigerian women, accounting for approximately 16 per cent of all female cancers. As per records, over 7,000 women have died due to cervical cancer. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines cervical cancer as a disease that begins in the cervix, the canal that links the vagina to the uterus. Almost all cervical cancer cases (99 per cent) are linked to high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections, a common virus transmitted through sexual contact. While most HPV infections resolve on their own without symptoms, persistent infections can lead to cervical cancer in women.

Dr Adeniji Adebayo from the Lagos State Primary Healthcare Board stated that Nigeria has one of the highest cervical cancer incidence rates globally. According to him, “Cervical cancer not only impacts women's physical health but also places a significant burden on families and communities.”

He explained that “Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is primarily transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, usually during sexual activity. The virus infects the genital areas of both men and women and can also affect the mouth and throat. The most common mode of transmission is through sexual intercourse, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. The virus can be spread even if there are no visible signs of infection or symptoms.”

1. Unusual Vaginal Bleeding

Bleeding between periods, after intercourse, or post-menopause can be a warning sign of cervical cancer.

2. Unusual Discharge

A watery, pink, or foul-smelling discharge may indicate abnormal changes in the cervix.

3. Pelvic Pain

Persistent pain in the pelvis or pain during intercourse can be a symptom.

4. Pain During Urination

Discomfort or pain while urinating can signal cervical or urinary tract issues.

5. Heavier and Longer Periods

Sudden changes in menstrual flow or duration should be checked by a healthcare provider.

1. Get Vaccinated

HPV Vaccine: Vaccination against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer. It's recommended for preteens aged 11-12 but can be given as early as age 9 and up to age 26 for those who missed it.

2. Regular Screenings

Pap Smear and HPV Testing: Regular Pap smears and HPV tests help detect precancerous changes in the cervix early, improving the chances of successful treatment.

3. Practice Safe Sex

Condom Use: Using condoms can reduce the risk of HPV and other sexually transmitted infections, which are risk factors for cervical cancer.

Limit Number of Sexual Partners: Reducing the number of sexual partners decreases exposure to HPV.

4. Quit Smoking

Avoid Tobacco: Smoking is linked to cervical cancer. Quitting smoking reduces this risk and improves overall health.

5. Maintain a Healthy Diet

Balanced Nutrition: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports a healthy immune system and may help reduce cancer risk.

Vitamins and Minerals: Ensure adequate intake of vitamins A, C, E, and folate.

6. Exercise Regularly

Physical Activity: Regular exercise helps maintain a healthy weight and boosts the immune system, both of which can reduce cancer risk.

7. Avoid Long-Term Use of Oral Contraceptives

Discuss with Your Doctor: Long-term use of oral contraceptives has been linked to a slightly increased risk of cervical cancer. Discuss alternative birth control methods with your healthcare provider.

8. Manage Stress

Stress Reduction Techniques: Practices such as yoga, meditation, and adequate sleep can improve overall health and support immune function.

9. Limit Alcohol Consumption

Moderation: Reducing alcohol intake can lower the risk of various cancers, including cervical cancer.