Even with a variety of menstrual hygiene products available to us today, single-use sanitary pads, among tampons, menstrual cups, and period underwear, dominate the global menstrual hygiene market. It is due to their convenience, accessibility, and widespread marketing. However, these products, often perceived as hygienic and safe, come with hidden health and environmental costs that many consumers are unaware of.

Many studies from the past and recent ones have highlighted the adverse effects of disposable sanitary pads, ranging from potential health risks due to chemical exposure to significant environmental challenges caused by improper disposal. With an average woman using approximately 11,000 sanitary pads in her lifetime, the implications are far-reaching.

The convenience of these products masks the reality of their chemical composition and non-biodegradable nature, raising questions about their long-term impact. We speak with Sandy Khanda, social activist and founder of the Green Pencil Foundation, who elaborates on these concerns, particularly focusing on health repercussions.

Many single-use pads contain chemicals like dioxins, furans, and volatile organic compounds—byproducts of the bleaching processes used in their production. “These chemicals can cause skin irritation, hormone disruption, and even long-term health risks such as cancer. Fragrances and deodorisers commonly added to these pads can trigger allergic reactions and disrupt the vaginal microbiome, leading to infections,” he says.

The plastic layer in disposable pads, Khanda says, creates a moist and warm environment, promoting bacterial and fungal growth. He explains that this increases the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs), vaginal yeast infections, and other irritations.“ Prolonged use of such plastic-laden pads can cause rashes, discomfort, and heat accumulation, he says, adding that wearing these pads for more than 4–6 hours can facilitate the growth of harmful bacteria like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, potentially leading to severe health issues such as toxic shock syndrome (TSS), a life-threatening condition.

According to Khanda, the environmental impact of single-use pads is equally alarming. “Comprising 90 percent plastic, their disposal significantly contributes to environmental pollution," he says, pointing out that microplastics and chemicals from discarded pads can leach into the soil and water, contaminating ecosystems and posing risks to human health through bioaccumulation.

Khanda stresses that improper disposal affects land fertility and exacerbates water contamination issues. While the convenience of disposable sanitary pads has made them a staple for many, their hidden health risks and environmental consequences cannot be overlooked. Exploring alternatives such as biodegradable pads, menstrual cups, and reusable cloth pads offers a sustainable path forward, both for personal well-being and the planet.

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