The monsoon season relieves the scorching summer heat but also creates favourable conditions for spreading various water-borne diseases. While influenza is primarily an airborne disease, its transmission and severity can be aggravated during monsoon season due to environmental factors and weakened immunity. Influenza, commonly known as "the flu," is caused by influenza viruses belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family.

There are four types of influenza viruses: A, B, C, and D. Types A and B are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics in humans. During monsoon, the virus can survive longer in the environment due to increased humidity and lower temperatures, potentially leading to higher transmission rates.

But how does it spread? We got in touch with Dr Jatin Ahuja, Senior Consultant, Infectious Disease, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals who shares symptoms, complications and preventive tips to keep yourself safe.

Dr Jatin Ahuja explains influenza is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets when infected individuals cough, sneeze, or talk. However, during monsoon, several factors can contribute to increased transmission:

1. Crowding: People tend to stay indoors more during rainy weather, increasing close contact and the risk of transmission.

2. Humidity: Higher humidity levels can allow respiratory droplets to remain suspended in the air for longer periods.

3. Compromised immunity: Exposure to damp conditions and temperature fluctuations can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.

Dr Jatin Ahuja shares that the incubation period for influenza typically ranges from 1 to 4 days. Symptoms often appear abruptly and may include:

1. High fever (38 degrees C-40 degrees C)

2. Chills and sweats

3. Dry cough

4. Sore throat

5. Nasal congestion or runny nose

6. Headache

7. Muscle aches and body pains

8. Fatigue and weakness

9. Loss of appetite

“In some cases, patients may also experience gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea, which can be more common in children,” he said.

Dr Jatin Ahuja explains that while most people recover from influenza within a week or two, certain high-risk groups are more prone to developing complications. These groups include:

1. Children under 5 years old, especially those under 2

2. Adults aged 65 and older

3. Pregnant women

4. Individuals with weakened immune systems

5. People with chronic medical conditions (e.g., asthma, heart disease, diabetes)

Potential complications of influenza include:

1. Pneumonia (bacterial or viral)

2. Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle)

3. Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)

4. Myositis (inflammation of muscle tissues)

5. Multi-organ failure

6. Exacerbation of underlying chronic medical conditions

Dr Jatin Ahuja shares that clinical diagnosis of influenza is based on the patient's symptoms and physical examination. However, laboratory tests can confirm the diagnosis and identify the specific virus type. Common diagnostic methods include:

1. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs)

2. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

3. Viral culture

4. Serology (antibody detection)

Dr Jatin Ahuja explains treatment for influenza is primarily supportive and includes:

1. Rest and adequate hydration

2. Over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen)

3. Antiviral medications (e.g., oseltamivir, zanamivir) for severe cases or high-risk patients

Dr Jatin Ahuja shares that preventing influenza during the monsoon season involves a multi-faceted approach:

1. Vaccination: Annual influenza vaccination is the most effective preventive measure.

2. Hand hygiene: Frequent handwashing with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand sanitisers.

3. Respiratory etiquette: Cover the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, preferably with a tissue or the elbow.

4. Social distancing: Avoid close contact with infected individuals and crowded places during outbreaks.

5. Environmental measures:

- Ensure proper ventilation in indoor spaces

- Regularly clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces

- Avoid exposure to damp conditions and sudden temperature changes

6. Boost immunity:

- Maintain a balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals

- Get adequate sleep and exercise regularly

- Manage stress through relaxation techniques

7. Personal protective equipment: Use face masks in crowded or high-risk areas.

8. Health education: Raise awareness about influenza transmission, symptoms, and prevention strategies.